pub struct Mutex<T> where
T: ?Sized, { /* private fields */ }Expand description
A mutual exclusion primitive useful for protecting shared data
This mutex will block threads waiting for the lock to become available. The
mutex can also be statically initialized or created via a new
constructor. Each mutex has a type parameter which represents the data that
it is protecting. The data can only be accessed through the RAII guards
returned from lock and try_lock, which guarantees that the data is only
ever accessed when the mutex is locked.
Poisoning
The mutexes in this module implement a strategy called “poisoning” where a mutex is considered poisoned whenever a thread panics while holding the mutex. Once a mutex is poisoned, all other threads are unable to access the data by default as it is likely tainted (some invariant is not being upheld).
For a mutex, this means that the lock and try_lock methods return a
Result which indicates whether a mutex has been poisoned or not. Most
usage of a mutex will simply unwrap() these results, propagating panics
among threads to ensure that a possibly invalid invariant is not witnessed.
A poisoned mutex, however, does not prevent all access to the underlying
data. The PoisonError type has an into_inner method which will return
the guard that would have otherwise been returned on a successful lock. This
allows access to the data, despite the lock being poisoned.
Examples
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
use std::sync::mpsc::channel;
const N: usize = 10;
// Spawn a few threads to increment a shared variable (non-atomically), and
// let the main thread know once all increments are done.
//
// Here we're using an Arc to share memory among threads, and the data inside
// the Arc is protected with a mutex.
let data = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let (tx, rx) = channel();
for _ in 0..N {
let (data, tx) = (Arc::clone(&data), tx.clone());
thread::spawn(move || {
// The shared state can only be accessed once the lock is held.
// Our non-atomic increment is safe because we're the only thread
// which can access the shared state when the lock is held.
//
// We unwrap() the return value to assert that we are not expecting
// threads to ever fail while holding the lock.
let mut data = data.lock().unwrap();
*data += 1;
if *data == N {
tx.send(()).unwrap();
}
// the lock is unlocked here when `data` goes out of scope.
});
}
rx.recv().unwrap();To recover from a poisoned mutex:
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
let lock = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0_u32));
let lock2 = Arc::clone(&lock);
let _ = thread::spawn(move || -> () {
// This thread will acquire the mutex first, unwrapping the result of
// `lock` because the lock has not been poisoned.
let _guard = lock2.lock().unwrap();
// This panic while holding the lock (`_guard` is in scope) will poison
// the mutex.
panic!();
}).join();
// The lock is poisoned by this point, but the returned result can be
// pattern matched on to return the underlying guard on both branches.
let mut guard = match lock.lock() {
Ok(guard) => guard,
Err(poisoned) => poisoned.into_inner(),
};
*guard += 1;It is sometimes necessary to manually drop the mutex guard to unlock it sooner than the end of the enclosing scope.
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
const N: usize = 3;
let data_mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]));
let res_mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let mut threads = Vec::with_capacity(N);
(0..N).for_each(|_| {
let data_mutex_clone = Arc::clone(&data_mutex);
let res_mutex_clone = Arc::clone(&res_mutex);
threads.push(thread::spawn(move || {
let mut data = data_mutex_clone.lock().unwrap();
// This is the result of some important and long-ish work.
let result = data.iter().fold(0, |acc, x| acc + x * 2);
data.push(result);
drop(data);
*res_mutex_clone.lock().unwrap() += result;
}));
});
let mut data = data_mutex.lock().unwrap();
// This is the result of some important and long-ish work.
let result = data.iter().fold(0, |acc, x| acc + x * 2);
data.push(result);
// We drop the `data` explicitly because it's not necessary anymore and the
// thread still has work to do. This allow other threads to start working on
// the data immediately, without waiting for the rest of the unrelated work
// to be done here.
//
// It's even more important here than in the threads because we `.join` the
// threads after that. If we had not dropped the mutex guard, a thread could
// be waiting forever for it, causing a deadlock.
drop(data);
// Here the mutex guard is not assigned to a variable and so, even if the
// scope does not end after this line, the mutex is still released: there is
// no deadlock.
*res_mutex.lock().unwrap() += result;
threads.into_iter().for_each(|thread| {
thread
.join()
.expect("The thread creating or execution failed !")
});
assert_eq!(*res_mutex.lock().unwrap(), 800);Implementations
Acquires a mutex, blocking the current thread until it is able to do so.
This function will block the local thread until it is available to acquire the mutex. Upon returning, the thread is the only thread with the lock held. An RAII guard is returned to allow scoped unlock of the lock. When the guard goes out of scope, the mutex will be unlocked.
The exact behavior on locking a mutex in the thread which already holds the lock is left unspecified. However, this function will not return on the second call (it might panic or deadlock, for example).
Errors
If another user of this mutex panicked while holding the mutex, then this call will return an error once the mutex is acquired.
Panics
This function might panic when called if the lock is already held by the current thread.
Examples
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
let mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let c_mutex = Arc::clone(&mutex);
thread::spawn(move || {
*c_mutex.lock().unwrap() = 10;
}).join().expect("thread::spawn failed");
assert_eq!(*mutex.lock().unwrap(), 10);Attempts to acquire this lock.
If the lock could not be acquired at this time, then Err is returned.
Otherwise, an RAII guard is returned. The lock will be unlocked when the
guard is dropped.
This function does not block.
Errors
If another user of this mutex panicked while holding the mutex, then
this call will return the Poisoned error if the mutex would
otherwise be acquired.
If the mutex could not be acquired because it is already locked, then
this call will return the WouldBlock error.
Examples
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
let mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let c_mutex = Arc::clone(&mutex);
thread::spawn(move || {
let mut lock = c_mutex.try_lock();
if let Ok(ref mut mutex) = lock {
**mutex = 10;
} else {
println!("try_lock failed");
}
}).join().expect("thread::spawn failed");
assert_eq!(*mutex.lock().unwrap(), 10);🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (mutex_unlock)
mutex_unlock)Immediately drops the guard, and consequently unlocks the mutex.
This function is equivalent to calling drop on the guard but is more self-documenting.
Alternately, the guard will be automatically dropped when it goes out of scope.
#![feature(mutex_unlock)]
use std::sync::Mutex;
let mutex = Mutex::new(0);
let mut guard = mutex.lock().unwrap();
*guard += 20;
Mutex::unlock(guard);Determines whether the mutex is poisoned.
If another thread is active, the mutex can still become poisoned at any
time. You should not trust a false value for program correctness
without additional synchronization.
Examples
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
let mutex = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let c_mutex = Arc::clone(&mutex);
let _ = thread::spawn(move || {
let _lock = c_mutex.lock().unwrap();
panic!(); // the mutex gets poisoned
}).join();
assert_eq!(mutex.is_poisoned(), true);Returns a mutable reference to the underlying data.
Since this call borrows the Mutex mutably, no actual locking needs to
take place – the mutable borrow statically guarantees no locks exist.
Errors
If another user of this mutex panicked while holding the mutex, then this call will return an error instead.
Examples
use std::sync::Mutex;
let mut mutex = Mutex::new(0);
*mutex.get_mut().unwrap() = 10;
assert_eq!(*mutex.lock().unwrap(), 10);